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为什么互联网产品越来越难做了?

2017-07-21 15:14

最近,Uber用户增长负责人Andrew Chen在个人博客上发表文章称,如今,移动互联网产品已经越来越难实现用户增长,原因就在于,我们当下所处的技术增长周期即将结束。那么,这对创业公司来说,又有怎样的启示?

 

本文要探讨的趋势包括:

 

  • 平台固化

  • 付费获客渠道接近饱和

  • 广告遭到无视

  • 高级工具降低运营门槛

  • 竞争对手变得更加敏捷

  • 从对抗“无聊时段”到对抗谷歌/Facebook

 

好像是突然之间,创业者和投资者纷纷开始进军一些新的领域——基因学、垂直起降的飞行汽车、加密货币、AI、物联网等,试图寻找新的机会。要理解这种现象,认识到上文所说的趋势就很有必要。毕竟,如果你在现有的市场上无法获得增长,那么你就需要迅速进军新的市场,正如格拉德说的那样:

 

在一个周期的尾部,技术市场往往会出现这样的特点:获得融资的初创公司的类型快速出现了多样化。例如,在90年代后期互联网主流市场(谷歌、雅虎、eBay、PayPal)大爆发之后,2000-2001年突然出现了多样化趋势,人们开始向P2P和移动设备领域投资,然后在2002年、2003年,人们开始关注清洁技术、纳米技术等等。从创业投资回报的角度来说,这些行业最终是失败了。

 

纳米技术、清洁技术属于上一个周期,现在我们要谈论下一个周期。

 

一、平台固化

 

与网页相比,谷歌/苹果对应用程序的双重垄断显得更加集中、更为封闭,也更加缺少丰富性(从增长的角度来看),这意味着移动领域更加难以进入。 应用商店的功能好像是一个排行榜,提供一些必装应用,推荐一些精选应用,而这一切都在推动移动生态系统的“赢家通吃”特征。

 

这也难怪这些年来应用商店里的排行榜已经出现僵化, Facebook和谷歌现在已经控制了移动生态系统中Top 10中的多个席位:

 

如果你想推出一款新应用,你该如何应对这种情况?

 

而伴随着增长机会的减少,付费获客的渠道也变得饱和起来。

 

二、获客渠道接近饱和

 

如果你能找到具有较高投资回报率的待开发受众群体,那么付费获客仍然是一个有用的方法。但是,这种做法只有在成本不增加,同一个广告资源没有太多竞争的时候才行得通。可惜的是,现在这种好事已经不存在了。

 

让我们来看看Facebook过去几年中, 日活跃用户(DAU)的平均营收是怎样增加的:

 

当然,驱动这种增长的因素有很多,比如相关性、针对性等等,但其中一个关键原因是:在Facebook上打广告的竞争越来越激烈了。

 

在2017年,Facebook平台上的广告主超过500万,而2016年第三季度是400万,2015年是200万。在2017年第一季度的财报电话会议中,Facebook告诉投资者,尽管与2016年相比,2017年第一季度的收入出现了大幅增长,但它预计广告收入将接近饱和点。

 

目前,Facebook的用户为20亿,同比增长率为17%。它是否能提供更多广告投放机会,取决于用户群体是否能够继续增加,或用户是否能在Facebook上花费更多时间。

 

三、广告遭到无视

 

互联网用户正在变得越来越聪明。如今,大多数邀请系统的价值和效果都远不如10年前(Dropbox的邀请系统刚刚出现时效果真是神奇),用户不仅会无视广告,而且对邀请机制和病毒式传播也往往熟视无睹。

 

在“互联网女皇”玛丽·米克尔(Mary Meeker)最新的互联网趋势报告中,她表示,一些国家有1/3的人在使用广告屏蔽功能,而且不久之后,广告就会无法触及多达6亿的月活跃用户(MAU):

 

 

来源:2017互联网女皇报告

 

这是2017年版的“劣质点击定律”。我曾在几年前提出了“劣质点击定律”,当时,邮件营销的点击率就已经出现下降:

 

而传统横幅广告的点击率也越来越接近于零:

 

这些趋势令人不安,这说明某些渠道的用户参与度越来越低,而我们还没有发现令人眼前一亮的新渠道来替代它们。

 

四、高级工具降低运营门槛

 

广告越来越多的同时,Mixpanel、Leanplum、Optimizely等工具的使用也变得越来越普遍,这就缩小了各家公司在数据驱动方面的差距。

 

10年前,我们对注册用户总数这个指标很看重,对MAU、DAU或其他更精细的指标尚未重视起来。 Mixpanel的其中一个关键功能是,它可以让你看到基于群组的留存率。工程师、数据科学家对它喜爱有加,它可以创建下面这样的简单图表:

 

在B2B领域,也有同样的现象出现。在一些工具(Mixmax、Outreach,insidesales.com等)的帮助下,过去很费劲的任务也变得容易起来。但如此一来,竞争也变得更加激烈。繁琐的任务变得自动化了、简单了,难免就会有更多人进入这个领域。

 

结果,所有参与者都变得更高效了。大家都对自己产品的获客和留存率有了更深的了解。大家都学会了通过看数据来提高用户终身价值,最后也势必会在广告上投入更多的钱。

 

五、对手变得更加敏捷

 

过去,创业公司可以从竞争对手的“大、笨、慢”中获益。现在不一样了,所有人都变得更聪明、更迅速,竞争对手也是如此。以前,可能你的竞争对手要等到几年后才会做出反应,而现在,Facebook、Hubspots和Salesforce随时都可以复制你的新点子。

 

最著名的例子就是,Facebook快速把Snapchat的功能复制到自己的Messenger、Instagram、Whatsapp和其他核心产品中:

 

而且,这种情况并不仅仅发生在消费级产品中:Dropbox与Google Drive、Slack与Microsoft Teams、YesWare与Hubspot Sales……这样的例子还有很多。

 

六、从对抗“无聊时段”,到对抗谷歌 / Facebook

 

应用商店刚刚推出的时候,一款应用的竞争对手其实是人们的“无聊时段”。移动应用开发人员希望你能够在无聊的时间段(排队等候,上下班)使用他们的应用。但是如今,你的应用要获得一个新的用户,就意味着让他放弃自己当前最喜欢的应用。

 

随着这个周期接近结束,公司之间的竞争也越来越像是一场“零和游戏”。

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